PA4- THE TIME OF ARCHITECTURE

Architecture is about the relationship between the Human and the space, therefore it has evoluted in so many aspects parallel to the evolution of its occupants.

In brief, the history of architecture can be summarized as following.

THE ORIGINS

HOMO ERECTUS (1.600.000 – 200.000 BC)

Appeared the spring camps such as Terra Amata

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HOMO NEANDERTALENSIS (100.00 – 40.000 BC)

He lived in caverns.

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HOMO SAPIENS (40.000 BC)

Appeared the first dwellings, these where conposed of a frame that has the form of a dome covered with skins of animals.

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EVOLUTION OF HOUSING (8.000 – 4.000 BC)

As the agriculture was being established parallel to sedentary lifestyle appeared the first costructions as permanent housings.

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PROTOHISTORY

(4.000- 3000 BCE)

The period between prehistory and history during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures have already noted the existence of those pre-literate groups in their own writings.

ZIGGURAT

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The ziggurat might seem similar to the pyramids but unlike the egyptian buildings the ziggurats are temples, therefore there is always a mortuary house inside.

THE EGYPTIANS

(3500 BCE)

The construction are centered around the Nile River. This civilizations’ most important components are temples, cities, and fields.

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THE GREEKS

(1200 – 146 BCE)

Greek architecture is known for tall columns, intricate detail, symmetry, harmony, and balance. The Greeks built all sorts of buildings. The main examples of Greek architecture that survive today are the large temples that they built to their gods. The main buildings were the following ones: polis, temples, theater/stadium, houses.

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ROMANS

(1100 – 476 BCE)

The Romans were the first builders in the history of architecture to realize the potential of domes. Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as temples, thermae, palaces, mausolea and later also churches. The roman architecture is present in civil work, public buildings, cities, religious buildings, and housing…

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HIGH MIDDLE AGES

(6th -10th century)

BYZANTINE

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PREROMANESQUE

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ISLAMIC

(8th – 15th century)

Islamic architecture encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. … New architectural elements like minarets, muqarnas, and multifoil arches were invented. The most characteristical structures are: the mosques, the palaces, the public baths, the fortresses, the gardens… and so on.

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ROMANESQUE

(10th – 12th)

Romanesque architecture is characterized by towering round arches, massive stone and brickwork, small windows, thick walls, and a propensity for housing art and sculpture depicting biblical scenes

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GOTHIC

(12th – 15th)

The Gothic style can vary according to location, age, and type of building, it is often characterized by 5 key architectural elements: large stained glass windows, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and ornate decoration.

Perhaps the most important work is Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris.

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RENAISSANCE

(15th -16th)

The Renaissance was the period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art. Some of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce.

“You cannot teach a man anything, you can only help him to find it for himself.”

Galileo

“You are not only responsible for what you say, but also for what you do not say.”

Martin Luther

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BAROQUE

(17th – 18th century)

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NEOCLASSIC

(18th – 19th century)

Neoclassical architecture, revival of classical architecture during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Neoclassical architecture is characterized by grandeur of scale, simplicity of geometric forms, Greek or Roman detail, dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls.

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19th CENTURY

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20th CENTURY

The 20th century was the homebirth of many architectural movement such as: Art-Nouveau, modernism, liberty, jugendstyl, Avantgarde (expressionism, cubism, futurism, …..)

ART-NOUVEAU

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Liberty

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Jugendstyl

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MODERNSIM

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EXPRESSIONISM

CUBISM

FUTURISM

CONSTRUCTIVISM

NEOPLASTICISM

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CONTEMPORARY

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FROM 1960 UNTIL NOW

we can consider that it’s a contemporary architecture. Contemporary architects work in several different styles, from postmodernism, high-tech architecture and new interpretations of traditional architecture to highly conceptual forms and designs, resembling sculpture on an enormous scale.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Constructivist_architecture

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructivist_architecture

Arquitectura – la casa Schroder de Gerrit Rietveld, un icono del movimiento moderno

http://www.milanofotografo.it/englishFotografiaFotoFullResolution.aspx?ID=1263

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_en_Mil%C3%A1n

https://www.europeanheritageawards.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2002-HA-CZ-Wallenstein-Palace.jpg

https://mymodernmet.com/gothic-architecture-characteristics/2/#:~:text=Classic%20Elements,flying%20buttresses%2C%20and%20ornate%20decoration.

https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance

14 Renaissance leadership quotes that still apply today

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Thiene

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Capra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture#:~:text=Islamic%20architecture%20comprises%20the%20architectural,Islam%20to%20the%20present%20day.&text=New%20architectural%20elements%20like%20minarets,and%20multifoil%20arches%20were%20invented.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluny_Abbey

https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/shrines/Compostela/index.php

[Tuesday Map] Dreaming Feather’s Tomb

https://www.gotouregyptnow.com/map-egypt

https://www.alamy.es/imagenes/illahun.html

https://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_greece/architecture.php#:~:text=Greek%20architecture%20is%20known%20for,they%20built%20to%20their%20gods.

https://www.agefotostock.es/age/es/detalles-foto/aphrodisias-estadio-grecia-asia-menor-turquia/K89-2726915

https://www.thecultureconcept.com/ancient-greek-house-and-garden

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_plan_House_of_Colline_Delos.JPG

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/roman-republic/a/maison-caree2

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a1191-elements-of-ancient-roman-architecture/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica